Thus, the word for ‘people’ is abantu in all these languages. The verb is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the Bantu Education Act, 1953.[12]. Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of ejective stops and one implosive stop. isiXhosa is a member of the "Nguni" language group, and is most closely related to isiZulu, isiNdebele and SiSwati.. isiXhosa (Xhosa) language family tree. Aspirated clicks become prenasalized ejected clicks. There are no definite or indefinite articles. Xhosa nouns belong to 17 different classes, roughly based on semantic categories, e.g., there are classes for human beings, animals, plants, objects of various shapes, etc. [22] The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a San language that did. Xhosa Language. / Xhosa is considered to be a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English. When aspirated clicks (ch, xh, qh) are prenasalised, the silent letter k is added (nkc, nkx, nkq) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks nc, nx, nq, and are actually distinct sounds. Implosive consonants are produced by inhaling rather than exhaling the air. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. Xhosa, Zulu, Ndelebele and Swati share most of their basic vocabulary as well as grammar. Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe (Ethnologue). The Xhosa language is a Niger-Congo language, of the Bantu language branch. On this page will find the solution to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue. [14] There is a small but significant Xhosa community of about 200,000 in Zimbabwe. 4 Before monosyllabic stems in some words. In keeping with many other Southern Bantu languages, Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of prefixes and suffixes that are attached to root words. It has 18 click consonants (in comparison, Juǀ'hoan, spoken in Botswana and Namibia, has 48, and Taa, with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana, has 83). The Xhosa language (Isixhosa), of which there are variations, is part of the Nguni language group. It is closely related to Zulu, Swati, and Ndebele. The language is also rich in idioms. They are thought to have migrated to this region along the east coast of Africa and through central Africa. Xhosa verbs are highly inflected. As a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages. The name “Xhosa” comes from that of a legendary leader called uXhosa. How difficult is it to learn Xhosa? Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written except for â and ä, which are each sequences of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones (â high–low = falling, ä low–high = rising). Otherwise, they tend to be tenuis (plain) stops. An estimated 15% of Xhosa vocabulary is of San origin. Xhosa is rich in uncommon consonants. It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.[10]. Xhosa is, to some extent, mutually intelligible with Zulu and Northern Ndebele, and other Nguni languages to a lesser extent. Learn only what you need. The phonology of Xhosa is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. Hlubi is the dialect in the former Ciskei; there is the more distinct Hlubi language further north, where Xhosa meets SeSotho. Family words in Xhosa. The onset cluster /kl/ from phonologized loanwords such as, The unwritten glottal stop is present in words like, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 14:01. Like other Southern Bantu languages, Xhosa has borrowed words from the Khoisan languages, as well as from English and Afrikaans. It is a Methodist hymn written in Xhosa by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, with the original verse translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. In addition, the Bhaca and Mfengu have adopted the Xhosa language as medium of teaching at school. It is one of the eleven official languages of the Republic of South Africa. For example, Radebe is the clan, but the nation is called AmaHlubi. [16] In the modern period, it has also borrowed, slightly, from both Afrikaans and English. I must admit that this clue is not so easy. Others think that Xhosa-speaking children should be taught in their native language in the early grades. On this page you will find the solution to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue crossword clue. (7) You are asked to encourage as many of your friends and family to donate blood. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. It has been a language that has existed in the southeastern African area for hundreds of years, since before the 16th century. 3 • LANGUAGE. 15% of its vocabulary is estimated to be of Khoekhoe (Khoisan) origin. Because of its many "click" sounds the Xhosa language, or isiXhosa as they call it themselves, is different from most other African languages. Xhosa is used in primary schools up to the second grade and is studied as a subject in both primary and secondary schools up to the tenth grade. The Xhosa language, along with such languages as Sesotho, Zulu, and Ndebele, is considered to be a member of the Southeastern or Nguni group of the Bantu language group. There are five vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that distinguish word meaning. As of 2003[update] approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in the Eastern Cape, followed by the Western Cape (approximately 2 million), Gauteng (671,045), the Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), the Northern Cape (51,228), and Limpopo (14,225). John Bennie was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. ; Category:Xhosa entry maintenance: Xhosa entries, or entries in other languages containing Xhosa terms, that are being tracked for … Here are a few of these words. As with other South African languages, Xhosa is characterized by respectful forms of address for elders and in-laws. [8][9] Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8.2 million people and by another 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Gauteng and Northern Cape. The language is also studied as a subject. 2002. Moreover, Xhosa does not generally tolerate sequences of a labial consonant plus /w/. If you have any other question or need extra help, please feel free to contact us or … The normal word order in Xhosa is Verb-Object (the subject is part of the verb compound). At the secondary level, instruction in schools serving Xhosa-speaking students is in English. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War and Black Panther, the language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. They are marked with an apostrophe /’/. In addition, it … Human translations with examples: ifani, ilifa, usapho, umndeni, zihlobo zam, isapho lomgca, igama losapho. Maho (2009) lists Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomvana, Gaika (Ngqika), Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe, and Hlubi.[4]. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. Written Xhosa employs Latin alphabet style. [11] Zunda languages effectively form a dialect continuum of variously mutually intelligible varieties. Agreements usually reflect part of the original class with which the word agrees. Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa. Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which is feature-matching its noun: /iN- + ɬɛ/ → [intɬɛ] "beautiful" (of a class 9 word like inja "dog"). Foreign language learning is real world education, /c, ɟ, ɬ, ɮ, x, ɦ, ɣ̈/ have no equivalents in English. 1 Before monosyllabic stems, e.g. There are five places of articulation at which click consonants occur. Inxeba (The Wound) is a movie directed by John Trengove. In Clem et al. The Xhosa language employs 26 letters from the Latin alphabet. Clans are groups of families with different surnames but sharing one clan name. (6) The club is also offering family season tickets for up to two adults and two children. Implosive consonants (eds), These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals, "Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language", "isiNdebele for beginners. The term “Xhosa” can be used both to refer to the language and its native speakers, known as Xhosa people of South Africa. Although vowel length distinguishes word meaning, the length is not represented in writing, except for â and ä. Xhosa has a complex system of consonants, including some uncommon ones. For example. The Xhosa vocabulary is the backbone for learning. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but the oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. All education at the university level is in English or Afrikaans. Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue appeared first on Daily Crossword Solver. Xhosa is part of the branch of Nguni languages known as Zunda languages, which also include Zulu, Southern Ndebele and Northern Ndebele. Xhosa is spoken by 7.6 million people, or about 18% of the South African population. There are 7,907,153 (17.64 %) first language speakers [2001 census data]. Here is the answer for: Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue answers, solutions for the popular game New York Times Crossword. But, as with any language, Xhosa had a rich history of oral traditions from which the society taught, informed, and entertained one another. The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. Photo by Pixabay.com. This post first appeared on Daily Crossword Solver, please read the originial post: here. Various parts of speech that qualify a noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. The Xhosa nation is made up of tribes and clans. Additional phonemes are using sequences of multiple letters. The murmur no longer shifts to the following vowel. Henry Hare Dugmore helped translate the entire Bible in Xhosa language. There is a series of six dental clicks, represented by the letter ⟨c⟩, similar to the sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six alveolar lateral clicks, represented by the letter ⟨x⟩, similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of alveolar clicks, represented by the letter ⟨q⟩, that sound somewhat like a cork pulled from a bottle. Governed by the sucking action of the Bantu education Act, 1953 [! 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